VRLA Battery

A valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery is a starved electrolyte AGM (absorbent glass mat) type battery and has a safety valve which prevents excessive build up of gas pressure inside the battery. Valve-regulated lead acid batteries rely upon internal gas recombination to minimize electrolyte loss over the life of the battery, thereby eliminating the need for re-watering. A lead-acid battery has lead positive plates, lead oxide negative plates, and an electrolyte which is a solution of sulfuric acid and distilled water. The plates and the plate separator material between them are arranged in plate packs in plate compartments. A valve regulated lead acid battery comprises separators and plates stacked within a sealed container, in which an electrolyte in a cell is retained in the pores of the separators and both of positive and negative electrode plates so as not to flow. VRLA recombination batteries offer a number of advantages compared to flooded cell batteries. The starved acid design of the battery facilitates the oxygen recombination reaction. The recombination reactions are facilitated by the starved acid or electrolyte condition where the electrolyte is immobilized in glass separators disposed between the plates of the battery. VRLA batteries are particularly suited for remote back-up power applications because they do not require the same type of periodic maintenance required by flooded cells. These differing maintenance requirements provide cost savings when VRLA batteries are used. For further details Click here

Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is a switching power supply that supplies a steady, typically low, voltage to a load. Power management control systems including voltage regulators are incorporated within electronic devices to generate a stable output voltage from a varying input voltage supply. A voltage regulator regulates the external power supplied to the internal circuitry such that the current usage or quiescent power is efficient. Typical voltage regulator circuits regulate an output voltage responsive to an input reference voltage. The voltage regulator circuit feeds back the regulated output voltage to a comparator through a resistor circuit. The resistor circuit varies its resistance such that a voltage regulator circuit provides various required voltage levels for operating a semiconductor memory device. Linear voltage regulators are widely used to supply power to electronic devices, such as to a load on a motherboard of a computer. Such linear voltage regulators are available in a wide variety of configurations for many different applications. A typical linear voltage regulator includes a resistive voltage divider, a three-terminal adjustable shunt regulator, and a regulating transistor. The resistive voltage divider receives an output voltage, and provides a voltage reference to the three-terminal adjustable shunt regulator. The three-terminal adjustable shunt regulator receives the voltage reference, and provides a controlling voltage to the regulating transistor. The regulating transistor receives a system voltage, and provides the output voltage to a load. Line voltage regulators are used to control the voltage applied to a load. A phase angle control technique can be used to adjust the effective voltage applied across the load by phase shifting the gate pulses of switching devices used in the voltage adjusting circuit. Low dropout voltage regulators may be utilized in a variety of electronic devices including laptop computers, portable phones, personal digital assistants, and the like, to provide a regulated output voltage to a load. LDO voltage regulators enable power management systems to efficiently supply additional voltage levels that are smaller than the main supply voltage. Low dropout voltage regulators are widely used building blocks in almost any electronic application. They adapt an external power supply to the needs of the supplied circuit. In portable applications as in mobile phones a main requirement for the voltage regulator is a low dropout voltage and a good stability over a large range of capacitive loads. For further details Click here

Voltage Converter

Voltage converters receive an input voltage and generate an output DC voltage therefrom. Voltage converters include chopper type switching system, fly-back converter, forward converter, charge pump type converter and the like, and they are used properly according to applications. Many semiconductor devices are designed to operate at various supply voltages and signal voltages. To accommodate the use of different supply voltages, the semiconductor device is typically designed to operate at the lower supply voltage which is often generated by including a voltage converter that steps-down the voltage of a higher external voltage level to a lower internal voltage level. Buck converters are used to convert a higher voltage to a lower voltage suitable for use with, for example, a microprocessor. A buck converter typically operates using a clock, whereby an inductor is charged during a first portion of a clock cycle and operates as a current source during the second portion of the clock cycle. DC-DC voltage converters generate an output voltage that is greater than the input voltage. Such converters utilize input and output capacitors, an inductor, one or more diodes, a switching transistor, and a pulse width modulator, generally implemented by an integrated circuit. DC to DC voltage converters are essential to providing accurate power delivery to sensitive electronic devices. Virtually all mobile devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers require a regulated power supply, which is usually generated from a battery source. A DC to DC buck converter is used to convert an input voltage from a high-voltage power supply to a lower voltage supplied to the circuit or apparatus connected to the output node of the converter. For further details Click here

UPS Power Supply

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems are used in a variety of different environments in which an interruption of power due to the variations or loss of the primary power source is unacceptable. Uninterruptible power supplies are required for many computer installations such as network file servers, telecommunications equipment or other applications where a sudden loss of power would create an unacceptable and costly occurrence. Commercial AC power waveforms are subject to many variations due to the demands of other users on the power line and other factors. Typical undesirable variations are over-voltage, under-voltage, voltage outages and signal transients. Undesirable variations also occur due to load conditions, as well as line conditions. Such occurrences include the loss of data during a data transfer or the shutdown of an entire business as a result of the loss of a computer. An uninterruptible power supply system comprising a battery connects between an electric power and electric equipment, and when the electric power is normal, the UPS charges the battery and provides a stable voltage to the electric equipment. When the electric power is abnormal, the UPS transforms the power of the battery into an alternating current power for providing the electric equipment with an uninterruptible electric power. According to different system designs, the UPS are classified as on-line, off-line, or and a line interactive. An on-line UPS system will keep certain electronics circuitry in a powered condition for the purpose of more quickly detecting the presence of a power outage and apply backup power to the protected system. An off-line UPS supplies power to a minimum of electronics circuitry, and in the event of utility power outage other electronic circuitry must be powered up so that the process of transferring to backup power can be implemented. The line interactive UPS is a hybrid of the online and standby units. Like the standby, it does not constantly draw from the battery, but it switches to battery faster when required. The line interactive unit does not use the battery when low voltage is encountered. It uses extra power from the AC source to make up the difference in voltage. In general, a UPS typically comprises a rectifier, inverter, and battery charger. The UPS uses the commercially supplied AC power to charge a DC battery. For further details Click here

Switching Power Supply

The switching power supply device is one type of stabilized direct current power supply which is configured to output a direct current at a constant voltage by converting a direct current obtained from a power supply into a pulse voltage having a frequency higher than the audio frequency by a high-speed switching function of semiconductor devices such as transistors, and controlling the pulse width and the pulse interval of the pulse voltage. The switching power supply device itself converts an AC voltage to a DC voltage by rectifying the AC voltage through a rectifying circuit thereof and by smoothing a resultant undulating voltage through a smoothing circuit thereof. The DC voltage thus obtained is switched on and off by a switching element and fed to an output rectifying smoothing circuit for rectifying and smoothing processes to obtain any given predetermined DC voltage. Switching power supplies typically rectify an alternating current power source where the resultant direct current voltage is fed to a group of high-frequency high-power switching transistors. These switching transistors chop the DC voltage into a high frequency AC signal. The high frequency AC signal is then fed to a high frequency transformer that is wound to produce the correct output voltage. Switching power supply circuits have a transformer and other devices miniaturized by raising the switching frequency, and are used as a power supply for various electronic devices, such as a high-power DC-to-DC converter. Switching power supplies are used to provide power in numerous products such as cell phones, camera, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), calculators, portable computers and similar types of electronic equipment. Switching power supply units include a circuit having an overcurrent protection function for preventing load circuit components from being broken, emitting smoke, or being ignited due to output overcurrent during short-circuiting of a load. The switching power supply circuits for performing overcurrent protection are provided with a device for detecting over current. The performance measures of switching power supply apparatuses include a harmonic characteristic and a power factor characteristic. The harmonic characteristic is a function for suppressing a harmonic current flowing from a switching power supply apparatus to an input power supply line thereof, and the upper limit of the harmonic current is defined so as not to affect other components. The power factor characteristic is the power factor viewed at the input from the switching power supply apparatus. For further details Click here

Solar Battery Module

The photovoltaic power generating system is considered a promising clean energy technique which can protect the global environment from environmental contamination due to combustion of fossil fuels. Solar batteries are utilized in various electronic equipment as a power supply substitute for dry batteries. Low power consumption electronic equipment such as electronic desktop calculators, watches, cameras, cellular phones and commercial radar detector, can be fully driven by the electromotive force of solar batteries, so that the equipment can operate semi-permanently without a need for battery replacement. A solar battery comprises a glass substrate as a front-side transparent protective member, a back-side protective member, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resin filmsvas sealing layers arranged between the glass substrate and the back-side protective member, and solar cells such as silicon photovoltaic elements sealed by the EVA resin films. A photovoltaic module for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy has a layered body, in which a transparent electrode layer, a photovoltaic semiconductor layer and a rear surface electrode layer are laminated in this order on an insulating substrate, such as a glass substrate. Thin film solar batteries have the advantage of needing less amount of semiconductor material as compared with solar batteries using crystal wafers. A thin film solar battery is produced using a glass substrate or a flexible plastic or stainless steel film. The thin film solar battery is so constituted that a photoreflective electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer and a transparent electrode are laminated on a primary surface of the substrate. Solar cell panels are widely used in view of their energy efficiency and non-maintenance. The solar electric power generation system applied to housing includes a plurality of solar battery modules each composed of a plurality of solar cells. The system is constructed for example by arranging the solar battery modules on a roof of a building or the like and connecting the modules in series or parallel. For further details Click here

Sealed Lead Acid Battery

A lead acid battery is a battery which has a stable characteristic at a lower cost as a secondary battery and which is used widely as an electric power source of a movable type for use in a portable electronic apparatus, a starter for automobile or a golf cart and a stationary type for use in a back up electric source for computer. A lead-acid battery can be sealed by utilizing a so-called "oxygen cycle" wherein the oxygen gas generated from the positive plates at the end of charge is recombined by the negative plates. A sealed lead acid battery has a structure in which separators and plates are arranged in stack in sealed cells, and an electrolyte in the battery is retained without flowing in the pores the separators and both. Sealed lead-acid batteries in which oxygen gas generated at the positive electrode during charging of the battery is absorbed by the negative electrode are available in two types, a retainer type and a gel type. The advantages that are provided by sealed lead-acid cells and batteries in comparison to conventional, flooded lead-acid batteries are substantial and varied. The sealed lead acid battery has an advantageous feature of excellent liquid leakage proofness, requiring no water supplement and causing less self-discharge. The advantages that are provided by sealed lead-acid cells in comparison to conventional, flooded lead-acid batteries are substantial and varied. Sealed lead-acid technology thus offers substantial benefits by eliminating maintenance, expense, environmental and safety concerns. The sealed lead-acid stationary batteries used for industrial applications are comprised of from several to a large number of individual sealed lead-acid cells connected to one another to form a battery with the desired capacity and power requirements. Sealed lead-acid batteries are typically used in uninterruptible power supplies. The uninterruptible power source allows for the orderly shut-down of computers when there is a sudden interruption in the primary cycle source, such as during a power outage, and provides back-up power for communications networks. For further details Click here